BACKTRACKING
The Greenbush Vigilantes?
by
Terry Hogan
Greenbush
formed a mutual aid group to put a stop to horse thieves and counterfeiters in
mighty Greenbush. At least one researcher has equated their action to be the
formation of a vigilante group. Was this a vigilante group or merely a
forerunner of a private security company that protected their members? They
formed the Greenbush Mutual Protection Company.
It
sounds like an insurance company. It sounds like an organization established
for the common good, founded by well-intended leaders of the community. But it
has also been characterized as a vigilante organization. It wasnÕt either of
these. These good citizens of Greenbush were interested in protecting themselves from the evil deeds of others. The Company was formed
to serve the members of the company, not the general public. So who was protecting what, and how? Were they
defending the law, or were they lawless? Depends. Were your ancestors doing the
chasing, or being chased?
For
those of you who are geographically challenged, and the three folks who read
this article from out-of-state, Greenbush is both a village and a township in
neighboring Warren County. Its first post office was ÒGreenfieldÓ but the name
was changed as another Greenfield, Illinois was in existence. Seems like the
area had problems with names. One of the major creeks was known as ÒNigger
CreekÓ according to the Warren County history published in 1886. According to a
current Illinois Atlas and Gazette, it is now known as ÒNegro Creek.Ó The other
major creek was known as Little Swan Creek, which has been dammed to form
Little Swan Lake. Good Choice! But back to the ÒvigilantesÓ.
As
the ÒvigilanteÓ allegation might imply, this Greenbush organization was not
your black-hooded, torch-bearing, shouting mob of law-abiding citizens. These
Greenbush citizens met and formed a ÒconstitutionÓ. The constitution was not
secret. It was published by two local newspapers- ÒMonmouth AtlasÓ (September 6, 1850) and the ÒOquawka SpectatorÓ (September 18, 1850). We might expect that the
public press might condemn an organization, formed without a legislated mandate
to enforce the law. Instead, we find that an editorial published by the Monmouth
Atlas supported the organizationÕs establishment:
ÒWe regard this movement as a good one, and believe it
to be perhaps the only manner in which the horde of thieves and counterfeiters
now infecting this portion of the state, can be routed and driven awayÉ. Hardly
a day passes that we do not hear of stealing of some sort in our immediate
vicinity or near by.Ó*
The
Constitution of the Mutual Protection Company still exists. Much of it is
dedicated to form and organization, but a few articles make the organizational
intent clear:
ÒArticle
1st. This company shall be called the Mutual Protecting Company, and it shall
be their (sic) duty to catch all horse-thieves and counterfeiters that commit
any depredations upon said company.Ó
ÒArticle
5th. There shall be a committee of vigilance consisting of seven, who shall be
elected by said company, whose duty it shall be when anything is stolen, or any
counterfeit money passed, to draw on the treasure for money and select men to
follow said thief or counterfeiter, and the one that lost the property, or had
the counterfeit money passed on him, if not too old or sick to be one that
goes.Ó
ÒArticle
6th. Each member of the company, shall at the time he joins said company, pay
into the treasury fifty cents, subject to be called upon for fifty cents more
in case if it is needed.Ó
ÒArticle
7th. No man can become a member of this company after he had his property
stolen for the purpose of drawing money out of the treasury to gain it.Ó*
From
these excerpts, it is clear that the organization was a mutual support
organization, not unlike an insurance company, where the assets, paid by the
members, were used by the Company to assist its members in recovering damages from theft and counterfeiting. It
offered no coverage or benefit to non-members, except perhaps for the
incidental benefit of capturing a thief or counterfeiter that might have
otherwise preyed upon a nonmember. It sounds more like an early form of private
security firm, than a vigilante group.
So
who were these early entrepreneurs who created this mutual aid company? The
ÒCommittee of VigilanceÓ was formed by Reuben Holeman, Stephen Lieurance,
Hezekiah Simmons, John Butler, Philip Karnes (or Karns), Peyton (or Payton) A.
Vaughan, and John A Waugh. Major John C. Bond was elected the ÒCaptainÓ (however,
Mr. Bond used the title of ÒPresidentÓ when signing the report), Alfred Osborn
was elected the Treasurer, and William H. Pierce, was elected the Secretary.
John
C. Bond was 50 years old and was a farmer, born in Tennessee. Beyond that, he
was an Illinois militia member, accounting for the ÒMajorÓ title, and he served
several other elected positions, including Justice of the Peace for Greenbush,
and a Warren County Commissioner in 1839. Warren County history records that
John C. Bond was one of three men selected to divide the county into townships,
which they did in 1853. After township formation, it is reported that he became
the first Greenbush Township Supervisor and held that position for 14 years. He
was an unsuccessful candidate for the state legislature in 1844, being beaten
by only three votes. No mention of his role in the Greenbush Mutual Protecting
Company was included in his 1886 published biography.
Alfred
Osborn, the Treasurer, was 36 years old and was a successful merchant, operating
a mercantile store in Greenbush.
William
Pierce, the Secretary, was a school teacher, a farmer, and a shoemaker. He was
from Vermont and married Angelina Waldin who was born in Ohio. They had two
children: Almiron G. and Charles H.
Reuben
Holeman was a successful farmer. He held positions as Assessor, Road
Commissioner, Collector, and School Trustee.
Philip Karnes (or Karns- both spellings
encountered) was born in Germany and came to the US in 1828. He became a very
successful farmer and breeder of Norman horses, Poland-China hogs and shorthorn
cattle. His home ÒÉcovered 166 feet of ground, two stories in height, with a
cellar under the entire building, and it is said to be one of the most splendid
farm dwellings in Warren County.Ó (Chapman, 1866, page 205) The building cost
$7,000 when erected.
Peyton
(Payton) A. Vaughn was also a successful farmer, owning 370 acres. He, like
Karnes, also raised Norman horses and had a ÒÉfine half-blooded ClydesdaleÓ
horse. He served as a Road Commissioner and School Trustee.
It
is unclear how effective, if effective at all, the Company was in thwarting the
evil deeds that apparently were waiting behind every (Green)bush. Perhaps the
evil-doers were put off to other townships and other counties by the mere
threat of having to confront Major John C. Bond, public agent man (sorry, I
tried to resist).
Footnote:
*As quoted by Allaman (1987).
References
& Readings
Allaman,
John L. 1987. ÒGreenbush Vigilantes: An Organizational DocumentÓ. Pages 32-41, in
ÒWestern Illinois Regional StudiesÓ
Volume 10 (#1).
Chapman
Brothers. 1886. Portrait and Biographical Album of Warren County, Illinois.
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