The Sun: An Answer to Many of Our
Problems
By Peter Schwartzman
WeÕve heard a lot recently about how we
are facing an energy crisis. The price of oil keeps going up and last week reached
$100 a barrel on world markets for the first time. Many experts now expect gas
to be $4 a gallon at the pump by summertime. Meanwhile, globally, energy
consumption is at an all time high and growing extra quickly in some places.
Since 1970, overall global energy use has grown by over 70%, and, in developing
countries, petroleum use has gone up an astounding 300%+ (World Watch
Institute).
These
trends trouble many, especially those on low income who spend a higher
proportion of their wages on energy—to power and heat/cool their homes as
well fuel their vehicles. The continued expansion of fossil fuel consumption
also horrifies environmentally-conscientious people because of the
environmental damage associated with fossil fuel burning, which includes, but is
not limited to, the scarring of landscapes, the reduction in natural habitat,
the creation of climate change, and the poisoning of lungs and brains. These
fears are confirmed by a 1992 EPA Report which concluded that, ÒThe energy
sector in industrialized societies is probably the single largest economic
contributor to global environmental degradationÓ (in Benyus).
And
while there is some attention paid to these concerns, the most obvious solution
gets so little press it is mind-boggling. As it turns out, the Sun provides us
all the energy will ever need. You see, the Sun puts out so much energy that if
we were smart enough to capture just a small fraction of it, we would be able
to supply current and future energy demands without all the damaging effects on
the environment. Additionally, and perhaps most importantly, current and future
energy wars would largely be eliminated. As astonishing as these claims may
seem, the evidence supporting them continues to mount. The question is, ÒAre we
listening?Ó
Before
presenting some of the evidence, letÕs just look at some basic facts. The
energy the Earth receives from the Sun in just forty minutes is equivalent to
the annual consumption of energy by humans today (Zweibel et al.). (Wow.)
Nearly all living things on the planet (the cyanobacteria found along the deep
ocean ridges a notable exception) survive entirely on energy coming from the
Sun. (So what makes us think we canÕt/shouldnÕt?) The only limitless source of
energy at the EarthÕs surface comes from the Sun. (No wonder the ancient
peoples demonstrated so much respect and adoration for the nearest star.) And,
energy consumption throughout history represents one of the clearest ways to
differentiate between modern and pre- (or non-) industrial peoples. In other
words, our current lifestyle owes itself to the tremendous availability of
fossil fuels, albeit only in the short-term and not without substantial
tradeoffs. Future societies will undoubtedly be very energy intensive as well,
so weÕd better find a way (as soon as possible) to provide a larger energy
supply safely and humanely.
Based
on these basic observations, the Sun should be where we look for answers to our
current energy problems as well as our future needs. Yet, you donÕt get an ÒisÓ
from an ÒoughtÓ (here turning a famous philosophical query inside-out). That
is, just because we should get our energy needs directly from the Sun doesnÕt
mean that it is technologically feasible to do so. However, when one
looks at the current information available on this subject, it is very
difficult to conclude anything but that the Sun can (and will likely) be the primary
provider of our energy in the near future; that is, assuming we make decisions
based on the health of people and all the ecosystems on which we depend, and
not on the extremely powerful interests of the fossil fuel lobby.
Solar energy can fuel our lives here in
the United States. We know this now because the three long-running arguments
against radically expanding solar energy have largely been turned on their
respective heads. First, it was said that solar energy is too diffuse; that is,
too many regions receive too weak a sunbeam to make it worthwhile. Second, it
has been argued that solar energy is too intermittent; that is, light isnÕt
always available because of day-night cycles or clouds. Both of these
criticisms become moot when we incorporate three changes to the current energy
system. One, we build large photovoltaic ÒfarmsÓ (tens of thousands of square
miles in area) in the largely barren Southwest and other nearly cloudless areas.
(Though this sounds like a lot of land, it is actually less than is required to
extract and burn coal (Zweibel et al.).) Two, we take advantage of existing technologies which enable
power to be transported via DC (direct current) lines to locations far from
these ÒfarmsÓ with little loss of power. Three, we store the solar energy for
times when it is needed. This can be done one of several ways but the best
candidate right now is compressed air-storage (which uses the initial solar
energy to generate air pressures below ground in caverns and then releases this
energized air to drive turbines). This technology has been successfully used in
Germany since 1978 and in Alabama since 1991 (Zweibel et al.). (And, surprise, but storing volumes of
fluid/gas isnÕt anything new. We currently store trillions of cubic feet of
natural gas in underground reservoirs.) These technical ÒfixesÓ work (and need
not be reserved for sci-fi novels anymore) and there is no doubt that future
advancements will make solar energy even more advantageous. Behind the scenes,
breakthroughs are happening all the time. Last month it was reported that
Nanosolar, a company based in Silicon Valley, figured out a way to reduce the
production costs of solar panel manufacturing by 80% (Vidal)! (I found out
about this by reading a British newspaper. Did this story make it into your
local papers? Ever wonder why?) A jump of this magnitude actually makes
electricity from solar energy equivalent in price to coal-derived electricity,
even using an economics that ridiculously favors fossil fuels (described later).
Jobs in the solar sector are also growing quickly suggesting that these
ÒbreakthoughsÓ arenÕt just taking place in the lab but on the ground as well
(Mufson).
So what would it take to make the switch
to a solar economy? Well, in the January 2008 issue of Scientific American, three energy experts lay out the
details. Using conservative values for all the relevant parameters (for
example, including no additional technological advances or cost improvements in
the solar energy sector after 2020), Zweibel, Mason and Fthenakis (Z, M & F
from now on) are extremely confident that by 2050, solar power could be
providing the United States 69% of its electricity and 35% of all its energy. (Much
of remaining energy needs could come from other renewable energy forms—wind,
biomass, hydroelectric—and small amounts of natural gas. And, solar
energy will also be able to provide power to our future electric cars.) In
their scenario, oil use in 2050 would be 31% of current levels, natural gas
would be 51%, and coal would be 42% (given current trends in energy consumption,
the true reduction in use of these fossil fuels, would be 75%, 68% and 74%, respectively). U.S. emissions of
carbon dioxide, the primary gas implicated in future climate change, would be
62% lower than todayÕs value (which is an amazing 12,200,000,000 pounds). Not
only would our emissions be lower, but by sharing our findings with other
industrializing nations, we could Òskip a generationÓ of polluting industries worldwide
(Hoagland). In so doing, we would spare the atmosphere tons of excess CO2.
These are extraordinary (and much needed) reductions, and, thankfully, they are
now well within our reach.
Still
not convinced? I understand. It is hard to swallow something so incredibly
enticing yet so foreign to most of us. (IsnÕt it strange that we donÕt require
our citizens to know anything about energy production and consumption though it
is so fundamental to our relationship to the planet and each other.) Perhaps some
personal thoughts will help strengthen the argument.
Ever since I was old enough to consider
the various means to obtain useable energy, I heard how expensive solar energy
was. Now, more informed, I have determined why this is. It isnÕt because solar
energy is inherently more expensive than other forms of energy. Solar energy is
deemed more expensive for two reasons, both of which have serious flaws. The
first has to do with the technological advancements in the area of converting
incoming sunlight into electricity. Apparently, according to the naysayers,
solar technology is just not powerful enough yet (and may never be). This is
sheer poppycock (i.e., nonsense), as demonstrated above. Currently, there exist
actively utilized solar photovoltaic cells that have a solar-to-electric
efficiency of 10% (and laboratory samples which are now up to 30%) (Hoagland). In
another renewable energy front, wind experts who once boasted about 0.5 MW
(megawatt = million watts) turbines (in 1995), now find 1.2 MW turbines routine;
that amounts to a 140% increase in turbine capacity in just 12 years! These are
tremendous feats and these statistics are growing every year despite very
little money set aside for research; the government subsidies given to oil and
coal dwarf those given to solar or wind (and it has been this way for a long
time). (Is it any wonder why the fossil fuel industry gives so much financial
support to presidential candidates, independent of their party affiliation?)
The second reason that solar energy is too
ÒexpensiveÓ has to do with the extremely near-sighted version of economics that
governs our personal and national decision making. Let me give a person story
to illustrate what is going on here. I recently chose not to put solar panels
on my house or in my yard. The primary reason was it was too costly (especially
given that my south facing roof has very few flat regions and I have many
adolescent trees that I donÕt want to cut down; shading markedly kills
efficiencies of solar panels). But, if the price I would pay to install and
maintain solar panels were offset by the amount of my tax money that now goes
to support military/security operations overseas to secure fossil fuels, to
subsidize fossil fuel companies in other ways, and to pay higher insurance
premiums (due to the dramatic effects of air pollution on health), I think I
would find solar panels a great bargain. However, since these offsets will not
be made until we develop a new national policy that is forthright about the
true/full costs of the fossil fuel energies that we use, I (and plenty of
others) find that the cost for installing solar panels just too high. In a more
realistic economic system, massive government support of solar energy would
drive prices way down and make them quite affordable to the average homeowner or
municipality.
So,
how much will Z, M & FÕs plan cost? All told, $420 billion dollars. This is
a huge sum of money until we consider the ways we spend similar amounts. According
to the National Priorities Project (www.nationalpriorities.org),
we have already spent $483 billion on the Iraq War. Just imagine if we had put
this money into revamping our energy system so that: (a) we would no longer
depend on foreign oil (we current import about 60% of our petroleum); (b) we
would no longer have to destroy our mountains and our farmlands (for coal
extraction); (c) we wouldnÕt have to convert fertile farmland into gasoline
(rather than food); and, (d) we wouldnÕt have to breathe in such high amounts
of toxic particulates and gases. If we had real leadership in this country, we
could have already been a good chuck of the way down the solar pathway. And,
for icing on the cake, consider that this solar economy would not only clean
the air/rivers/oceans/soils, but also produce millions of new, high-paying,
manufacturing jobs in the United States.
Much
of the above might sound too good to be true. DonÕt take my word for it. Do
some investigation on your own. Two websites that give you a good start are: www.solarbuzz.com & www.ases.org. Tell us
what you find out. We need citizens like you to become leaders in a solar
movement. Yes, it is once again time to worship the Sun.
Note: For those interested in my other
essays focused on energy, consider these:
1. ÒContinued Energy Woes or a Secure Energy Future?Ó The
Zephyr, August 24/31, 2006.
2. ÒTake a deep breath. ItÕs
time to clean the air.Ó The Zephyr,
May 25, 2006.
3. ÒIs
nuclear the answer?Ó The Zephyr, May
26, 2005.
4. ÒWhere
has all the oil gone? Short term chaos. When will we ever learn?Ó The Zephyr, January 30, 2003.
Works Cited
Benyus, J. (2002) Biomimicry. Harper Perennial, 320 pp.
Hoagland, W. (1995) ÒSolar Energy.Ó Scientific
American, 170-173.
Mufson, Steven. (2006) ÒA Sunnier Forecast for Solar Energy.Ó Washington
Post, November 20, D01.
Vidal, J. (2007) ÒSolar energy
ÔrevolutionÕ brings green power closer.Ó The Guardian, December 29.
Zweibel, K., J. Mason, & V. Fthenakis.
(2008) ÒA Solar Grand Plan.Ó Scientific American, 64-73.
Peter Schwartzman (email:
wordnerdauthor@gmail.com) is associate professor and chair of the Environmental
Studies Program at Knox College. Father to two amazing girls, Peter hopes that
their lives will be lived on a cleaner, more just, more environmentally-aware
planet. A nationally-ranked Scrabble¨ junkie, he is also the founder and
maintainer of websites dedicated to peace, empowerment, and environmental
well-being: www.onehuman.org; www.blackthornhill.org; & www.chicagocleanpower.org.
1/10/08