Environmental
Leaders: Thanks for your vision, commitment & sacrifice
In
this column two years ago, I took the opportunity to give thanks to my family
for providing the nurturing and support that has enabled me to live a rewarding
life. Many people have also played a key role in paving the environmental path
that I have chosen (and continue to navigate). While several of these people
have been presented here previously (e.g., Sandra Steingraber, Julia Butterfly
Hill, Aqeela Sherrills, Bogaletch Gebre, & Amartya Sen), other influential
people have largely gone unrecognized. In what follows, I hope to introduce you
to some of these folks and say a little about why I find them so important and
worthy of mention. May this ÒthanksÓ-giving prompt others to consider and draw
inspiration from the breadth of environmental leaders and their activities.
Rachel
Carson is best known for her book Silent
Spring (published in 1962). This
book, which outlines the hazards of pesticide use, is responsible arguably for
the birth of the modern environmental movement. One of the most widely read
environmental books in history (and also one of the most profound), Silent
SpringÕs conclusions are as relevant
today as they were forty years ago. It should definitely be part of any high
school or college curriculum.
While CarsonÕs legacy revolves around this
groundbreaking work, she serves as an inspiration as well for the path that she
took and the obstacles that she faced. Her academic experience and success was
marred by continual financial hardship and a culture that didnÕt expect women
to become scientists (and certainly not ones that were as determined and outspoken
as Rachel). Diagnosed with breast cancer while writing Silent Spring, Rachel fought through many health setbacks to finish
the masterful work. Once published and released into the public sphere, Silent
Spring was vehemently attacked by the
chemical industry which used multiple tactics to defame and undermine her
authority. As a result, she spent the last two years of her life in ailing
health and exposed to a continuous barrage of criticism. Fortunately, the
bookÕs popularity and its wide acceptance by the public likely provided her
some solace and satisfaction.
Despite industryÕs efforts to damage her reputation
irreparably, Rachel CarsonÕs vision and scientific insight lives on. Globally,
many countries are beginning to phase out the Òdirty dozenÓ (twelve widely-used
and very harmful chemicals). Unfortunately, the United States has been one of
the most resistant to join these negotiations. Consider the Environmental
Protection AgencyÕs decision just last week to exempt pesticides from the Clean
Water Act. This EPA attempt to deregulate potentially harmful chemicals serves
as but one small indication of how corporate-friendly this Administration has
been. Given this realization, it is imperative that we citizens educate
ourselves and become modern day advocates for the use of alternative (safe)
chemicals and processes. Beyond Pesticides (www.beyondpesticides.org)
is an organization currently leading this effort. Sandra SteingraberÕs book, Living
Downstream, is a contemporary version
of Silent Spring and gives an
outstanding overview of these issues as well.
Chico Mendes
lived a relatively short life (44 years) but in that time he contributed so
mightily. Raised in the heart of the Amazon, Chico and his family were rubber
tappers—a profession involving the sustainable harvest of sap from the rubber
trees native to the rainforest. Going back many generations, this form of farming
served his community well until the 1960s when global rubber prices plummeted
forcing many members of the region to sell land—usually to wealthier cattle
ranchers. Subsequent cattle ranching in the area resulted in the clearing of
large expanses of land (requiring the removal of the forest). This practice
made the rubber tappers livelihood unproductive and ultimately left large
expanses of land unusable.
In
response to the increasing loss and degradation of the forest, Chico began to
unionize his fellow rubber tappers. He recognized that without collective
organization their economic and social rights would be trampled. On the other
hand, large land owners thought that their political and economic control was
more important than the sustainable harvest of forest materials or the
maintenance of traditional communities. As a result, when the rubber tappers
resisted being displaced, many rubber tapper leaders were killed, including
Chico. Fortunately, before his death in 1988, he was able to bring the issue of
his people to the forefront of the environmental movement. With the assistance
of several well-known environmental groups along with the unrelenting support
of many rubber tappers, Chico was able to raise enough awareness of the
situation that international banks were provoked to reconsider and renegotiate
loans. These loans subsequently were to have a great impact on the direction
development took in the region. A large extractive reserve (a land area where
commodities, such as rubber and nuts, are harvested providing the local people
with economic security and a vital forest) was created and many others have
followed. Though the continued destruction of the Amazon (and other tropical
forests) remains one of the greatest environmental tragedies currently underway,
the efforts and sacrifices made by Chico Mendez and other Amazonian people
cannot be overstated. You can learn more about Chico in the book and movie, The
Burning Season, and at a website
dedicated to his life: <www.chicomendes.com>.
Wangari Maathai may be a household name to some of you given that she won the Nobel
Peace Prize in 2005 (the first African woman to do so; also, equally remarkable,
the first environmentalist as well). However, for those that are less familiar,
let me tell you a little about this amazing contemporary woman.
Born and raised in Kenya, Wangari was the first woman
from eastern Africa to earn a Ph.D. (in veterinary medicine). In 1977, at the
age of thirty-seven, Wangari founded the Green Belt Movement (GBM), an
environmental organization that transformed her countryÕs landscape and its
people. The GBM set out to plant trees all across the country in an attempt to
reduce/prevent erosion which had been destroying biological and agricultural
lands at a rapid rate. This planting of over 30,000,000 trees,
disproportionately executed by Kenyan women, has spared further degradation and
provided hope and inspiration for millions of people.
WangariÕs path to fame (having received numerous
prestigious awards in addition to her Nobel Prize) came at great personal
sacrifice as well. Arrested numerous times for non-violent demonstrations for
open, democratic elections, Wangari has struggled for justice innumerable
times. She lives with the active understanding that political stability,
citizen empowerment, and environmental health are all prerequisites for a
peaceful and sustainable life for all. We are blessed that she survived such
mistreatment, and we have much still to learn from her wisdom and her ways. To
see more about Wangari, pick up her most recent book, an autobiography,
entitled, Unbowed: A Memoir (2006,
ISBN 0307263487) or one of her other books: The Greenbelt Movement: Sharing
the Approach and the Experience (2003,
159056040X); and, The Canopy of Hope: My Life Campaigning for Africa, Women,
and the Environment, (2002,
1590560027).
Vandana
ShivaÕs intellectual work (which
includes at least a dozen books and more than 300 journal articles) spans so
many dimensions of environmental thought it is hard to imagine an
environmentalist more prolific and yet diverse in interests. Born and raised in
India, and a physicist by training, Vandana seeks to bring attention and motivate
action surrounding issues related to water, genetically modified foods and
organisms, globalization, gender, and biodiversity.
In the 1970s, Vandana was a Òtree huggerÓ as part of a
struggle to curtail unsustainable, biologically-damaging logging in her
country. In early 1980s, she studied the effects of mining on the environment
and as a result of her work on this problem, the Supreme Court of India banned
mining in the region. According to Vandana, this experience convinced her that
intimately connecting intellectual pursuits with real world problems and
popular, non-violent struggle/activism was an incredibly important enterprise
(interview in Life Positive). More
recently, Vandana founded an organization to begin/maintain organic
agricultural practices (something she feels has been corrupted by
petrochemically-fixated forms of farming that are being promoted by developed
countries). Most recently, Vandana has been bringing attention to the many unsustainable
elements of globalization.
Undeterred by the forces working against her, Vandana
has dedicated her life to the cleansing of the Earth and the improvements in
peopleÕs lives. She never forgets about current and future generations and she
exudes a spirit that all of us could benefit from. To learn more from Vandana,
read her most recent book, entitled, Earth Democracy; Justice,
Sustainability, and Peace (2005; ISBN
089608745X) or one of her many other books, including: Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking
of the Global Food Supply (1999;
0896086089); and, Biopiracy: the Plunder of Nature and Knowledge (1997; 1896357113).
Van Jones is
probably the least known of the six leaders that are being thanked here, and he
is also the one least likely to be associated with environmental issues. Despite
this, Van should be thought of as one of our young and vibrant environmental
leaders. Founder of the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights (headquartered in
Oakland, California), Van works tirelessly to expose the abuses within our
criminal justice system. A 1993 graduate of Yale Law School, Van might be
considered a Ònew-waveÓ environmentalist since his efforts draw attention to
human rights violations and other non-traditional environmental concerns.
So what is the connection between the environment and
the criminalization and incarceration of young people (the majority of whom are
from low-income backgrounds and/or people of color)? Urban communities, many of
which are lacking access to healthy food, economically-sustainable jobs, and
adequate health care, suffer from an overabundance of air and soil pollution,
noise, congestion, brownfields (i.e., abandoned industrial lots), and
prison/jail cells. If a significant portion of our population lives daily with
these environmental hazards, must we not rectify the situation as soon as
possible? Saving the whales, stopping deforestation overseas, and curbing
overfishing of coastal waterways are all meaningful activities but clearly
these issues arenÕt any more important than the well-being and livelihood of
our citizens. Van Jones provides all mainstream environmentalists entryway into
these local struggles, ones that are likely occurring closer to home than some
of the broader, global environmental problems we face.
Fortunately, Van has received much recognition for his
valiant efforts. In 1997, the Rockefeller Foundation provided Van with a ÒNext
Generation LeadershipÓ Fellowship to enable him to carry out his important
work. In 1998, the prestigious Reebok International Human Rights Award was
presented to Van. In 2002, the
World Economic Forum named him a Global Leader for Tomorrow. As you can see, while
not an elected politician, a wealthy philanthropist, or a Òtree-hugger,Ó Van
Jones represents one important environmental leader that we all can draw
inspiration from. For more information on VanÕs Ella Baker Center go to:
<www.ellabakercenter.org>.
Today, Ralph Nader is probably best known as a presidential candidate; he
has run for the position four times. However, RalphÕs consumer advocacy work
may be the more significant and enduring of his contributions. Educated at
Princeton University and a graduate of Harvard Law School, Ralph has helped
create more non-governmental organizations (NGOs) than most of us can name. Now
72 years old, Ralph has succeeded in much of what he has endeavored, including many
environmentally-related accomplishments.
Ralph has long been working and advocating for
consumer rights and protections. Some of his early work is credited with
stimulating the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) and the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1970). In 1971, at the age of
37, he founded Public Citizen (www.publiccitizen.org),
one of the most influential NGOs in the past quarter century. Though working on
issues beyond the environment, Public Citizen was instrumental in investigating
in and advocating for environmental initiatives such as the Safe Drinking Water
Act, fuel conservation and economy, and the banning of Red Dye #2 and DBCP (a
pesticide known to cause sterility in men).
Ralph NaderÕs impact on our nation has been profound.
From the improvement of airline and automobile safety to increased integrity of
the insurance industry, from the quality of our drinking water to the
regulation of polluting industries, Ralph has indeed mounted a steadfast and
productive opposition to technological ÒconveniencesÓ and Òbusiness-as-usual.Ó
May his unwillingness to accept the status-quo prompt more of us to speak up
for the health and vitality of our communities. To learn more about Ralph and
his environmental thinking, read one of his many books: WhoÕs Poisoning
America (1981; ISBN 0871562804); Menace
of Atomic Energy (1979; 0393009203);
and, The Frugal Shopper (1992;
0936758309).
Six heros/sheros have been presented. Hopefully one (or
more) of them has intrigued you. Never forget where you are going, but never
forget how you got here either. These minds and hearts have had a lot to do
with the good things we enjoy and benefit from. May you take part in what they
have started to make a better world for yourself and future generations.
Peter Schwartzman (email: pschwart@knox.edu)
is associate professor and chair of the Environmental Studies Program at Knox
College. He is a climatologist with publications in the area of climate change
and human population growth. A nationally-ranked
Scrabble¨ player, he is also the founder and
maintainer of a website dedicated to peace and empowerment (www.onespower.org),
natural spaces (www.blackthornhill.org), and clean air and
energy (www.chicagocleanpower.org).