7 reasons why examining
your diet is a great New Years resolution
by Peter Schwartzman
The dawn of a new year is a
great time to reflect on our lives in hopes of making them more satisfying and
meaningful. Since a large component of my research over the past six months has
focused on food production and diet, this seems as good a place as any from
which to draw inspiration. Additionally, since eating food is one of the most
important activities that we engage in (in terms of personal as well as
planetary health), we owe it to ourselves to scrutinize carefully that which we
consume. The following seven reasons provide a foundation for understanding why
we need to take our eating habits very seriously and, more particularly, why we
should begin revamping our diets forthwith. (Two caveats before beginning,
however: 1) A full essay could focus on any one of the followings reasons. As I continue my research,
I hope to dedicate future columns to a more detailed look at some of them.; 2)
Since many people take what they eat very personally, it is always difficult to
make suggestions without sounding overly critical and even self-righteous.
Please recognize that the author grapples with the ramifications of these
revelations every day—something quite evident from his expanding
waistline.)
Reason 1: Improve your health and increase your longevity. Trite
as it may sound, ÒYou eat to liveÓ (Willett) . Therefore, what you eat
obviously impacts your well-being decisively. While there is no absolute best
diet for all people, there are certain dietary behaviors that arenÕt conducive
to health and longevity. For starters, eating too much isnÕt healthy. About
one-third of us (in the U.S.) are obese and many more are overweight; technically,
obese means having a BMI, body mass index, of 30 or more. The proportion of us
that are obese has more than doubled since the 1960s (Willett). (To find out
more about BMI or to calculate your personal BMI, go to:
www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/) According to the Center for Disease Control, as a
direct consequence of our collective fatness, nearly 300,000 of us die each
year and the annual health care costs associated with obesity is (an amazing) ~$240
billion (Schlosser; an amount that doesnÕt include all the money that people
spend in an effort to loss weight). Clearly, our habit of eating too much is
taking its toll on us in a very big way.
Not only are we
eating too much food, but, in particular, we are eating too much food that is
detrimental to our health. For example, while soda provides nearly no
nutritional benefit and huge amounts of calories and sugar (two things we
definitely do not need more of), our demand for such beverages keeps going up.
Consider that in 1970 regular (i.e., excluding diet) soft drink consumption
(actually, availability, but this is expected to track similarly to
consumption) was 22.2 gallons per person per year. In 1997, it leapfrogged to
41.4 gallons per person, amounting to an 86% increase! Meanwhile, per capita
diet soda consumption increased (550%!) and per capita juice consumption
increased 61% (Nestle). No wonder we are getting so much fatter and, remember,
we have now only looked at one component of our diets.
Other foods we
should avoid or significantly reduce from our diets include processed foods and
foods with moderate levels of saturated or trans fats. Processed foods (which
include white rice, white bread, and most commercial crackers, cookies, and
cakes) are problematic in large part because they cause rapid spikes in blood
sugar and insulin (something which can, over time, trigger the onset of
diabetes). They also digest rapidly which results in a feeling of hunger
returning much earlier than with other foods. It is better to eat brown rice,
bread, and homemade baked goods that contain whole grains (rather than refined
ones). Significant amounts of saturated fats, which drive up blood cholesterol
and therefore are associated with coronary heart disease and heart attacks, can
be found in whole milk, butter, cheese, red meat, chocolate, and coconut
products. Trans fats, a human invention which serve to increase the shelf life
of foods, have a completely negative impact on the body (particularly by
raising LDL cholesterol levels) and can be found in margarines, deep-fried fast
foods, most commercial baked goods, and anything that says it contains
Òpartially hydrogenatedÓ oils.
In short, the best
thing you can do for your health in the next year is to eat less and increase
your relative consumption of fruits and vegetables meanwhile reducing your
intake of the potentially dangerous foods listed above. (Lastly, to those that
think you need to eat meat to obtain sufficient protein, this is just a myth
perpetuated by propaganda. A diverse diet that contains adequate amounts of
nuts, beans and vegetables will provide you with more than a sufficient amount
of protein. Additionally, excess protein in the diet in the long term causes
bones to become brittle because protein draws out calcium from the bones in
order to neutralize acids formed during digestion (Willett).)
Reason 2: Improve the health of children. By improving your
diet, you will undoubtedly improve your childrenÕs as well. Not only will they
more likely eat what you put in the cupboard or on the table, but if you
yourself eat healthy foods and exhibit healthy food habits, they are much more
likely to develop an affection for healthy foods which is something that will serve
them very well during their lifetime.
It is so important
that parents and relatives do what they can to promote good food in our
children because so many other forces are working against this practice. Many
food companies are doing their best to flood the minds of our children with the
notion that only food that is sugary, salty, caffeinated,
artificially-colorful, branded (rather than generic), wrapped in flashy
packaging, and/or processed is worthy of eating. Worse yet, many public school
systems have forfeited control our childrenÕs health to Òjunk foodÓ
dealers—either to make up for lost federal and state funding or due to
sheer negligence. In any case, we cannot expect our schools to provide meals
that are healthy or sustainable. Yet we can guarantee that some powerful
companies will fill televisions, radios, magazines, and billboards with
messages that draw our children to adopt attachments to unhealthy and, some
might say, dangerous, foods and eating behaviors. The current epidemic of
childhood obesity is a prime indicator of how vulnerable our children are and
how successful the mainstream food companies have been. It also suggests that
our collective negligence on this matter is in need of a critical
reexamination.
There is one last
area that cannot be overlooked. Future mothers should realize that the breast
milk that they will one day feed their offspring will contain toxins that they
have ingested over the course of their lifetime. Unfortunately,
physiologically, breasts have a tendency to store materials like pesticides, PCBs,
dioxins, and heavy metals that women ingest or are otherwise exposed to. The
cumulative load of these materials (which make its way out of the breasts into
the bodies of breast-feeding babies) causes short-term as well as long-term
damage. Thus, future mothers should avoid foods that are suspected to contain
elevated levels of these toxins (for example, to reduce oneÕs expose to
mercury, people should greatly reduce intake of such foods as white tuna, king
mackerel, and swordfish) and avoid contact with home and garden pesticides and
insecticides as well. Yet, finally, and emphatically, it is still
unquestionably better for mothers to breast feed babies for at least the first
six months of their lives since breast milk contains essential nutrients that
formulas and vitamins cannot replace, something that outweighs any of its negative
impacts.
Reason 3: Promote Òfood for allÓ as a value. The planetÕs human
population can be broken into three groups of people on the basis of their food
intake—those that eat too much, those that eat properly, and those that donÕt
get enough (calories and protein). The majority of us in the United States fall
into the first category while at least 1,100,000,000 of our global neighbors
(and not-so-distant relatives) fall into the third. The reason so many go
underfed isnÕt because there isnÕt enough food produced in the world. Global
hunger and malnourishment occurs largely because the food that is produced is
either consumed in excess by a minority (at a higher price) or goes to feed
domesticated animals (which then is fed to the minority as well). Thus, if more
of us bought and consumed less food, there would be more food to go around,
since less would be ÒwastedÓ on commodified (and often ÒincarceratedÓ) animals
or our guts, dewlaps, or love handles. Additionally, those that reduced intake
would have newly created financial resources which could be used to get food to
those much more unfortunate (and no less deserving). To all the cynics out
there, consider this. Assuming you spend $100 a month on food and you reduce
your consumption by 10%, then you have $10 left over to support organizations (like
Oxfam (www.oxfam.org) or Freedom from Hunger (www.freedomfromhunger.org))
which support other humans in their quest to obtain sufficient food to live. If
only 10% of us made this seemingly miniscule sacrifice, collectively we would have
$3 billion to give away as charity. DoesnÕt this seem likely to do wonders to
decrease human misery (and, indirectly, promote hope and peace globally)? And
while I encourage all of us to support food acquisition efforts on a global
basis, letÕs not fool ourselves to think that we donÕt have hunger right here
in our neighborhoods. Statewide we have the following organizations which continue
to aid our immediate neighbors in their quest for food: Central Illinois
Foodbank (217.522.4022); Heart of Illinois Harvest (309.693.1400); Peoria Area Food Bank (309.671.3906);
River Bend Food Bank (309.764.7434); and The Greater Chicago Food Depository
(773.843.6702; www.chicagosfoodbank.org).
Please consider contributing to these efforts in any way possible.
Reason
4: Support humane and moral companies.
Unfortunately, many food-centered corporations suffer from the same disease
that other corporations suffer from. That is, they put the profits of their
shareholders ahead of the health interests of the consumers. Shockingly, as
described by Marion Nestle in Food Politics and Eric Schlosser in Fast Food Nation, many food companies are akin to tobacco companies in
terms of the duplicity with which they conduct business (i.e., cajoling
unwitting consumers to buy substances that can be dangerous to their health).
The tactics used are too numerous to elucidate here but include, among other
things, manipulating government officials and laws to guarantee a market
favorable to the overproduction and (therefore necessary) overconsumption of
their unhealthy products. Upon the realization of these highly questionable
practices, one might be prompted to try to avoid products from these companies
and, alternatively, support companies that havenÕt been so manipulative. In
practice, this means buying organic foods, meats from free range and
non-chemicalized animals, and whole grains. Unfortunately, since the economies
of scale dictate that unhealthy foods are sometimes less expensive than
healthier options, many low income families sense that they donÕt have the
luxury to buy healthy foods for themselves. However, those of us who support
the healthy food companies (and, indirectly the farmers that provide for them) help
drive down the costs of these foods as well as encourage grocers to carry more
of these items. If government subsidies supported organic and wholesome foods
more readily (at least to the same extent that they support unhealthy foods),
everyone would be better off and the economically disadvantaged among us
wouldnÕt be economically-driven to eat poorly. One place to obtain foods from
companies that have their clienteleÕs health in focus when they manufacture
products is through food co-ops; others ways include: grocers that specialize
in healthy foods (like Cornucopia), farmers markets (during the summer and
fall), and self-grown garden foods. Fortunately, we have a co-op in Galesburg,
and if anyone is interested in it, please contact me via email and I will get
you in touch with the relevant parties.
Reason 5: Reject modern forms of food commercialization. With
all the gluttonous consumption going on, one has to wonder why we do this to
ourselves. The recent climb in obesity rates suggests that genetic factors are
not to blame. Our lack of exercise (driven largely by our increasingly
sedentary lifestyles and jobs) must account for some of it. However, as suggested
by the soda statistics presented earlier, we are still eating more and more
(ironically) during a period when we actually need less. So, what might be the
culprit then? One only need watch TV or read mainstream newspapers and
magazines to get a pretty good idea. We are flooded with messages that tell us that
consuming food is a sign of power, prestige, happiness, and freedom. These
images and messages affect us in a significant way; simply, the food industry
doesnÕt spend billions of dollars on advertising because it is a losing
proposition. According to Steven Gortmaker, a professor in the Harvard School
of Public Health, ÒThe best single behavioral predictor of obesity in children
and adults is the amount of television viewing.Ó And, most surprising,
Gortmaker and his colleaguesÕ research shows that two-thirds of the influence
of TV on obesity is tied to Òthe effect of advertising in changing what you eatÓ
(in Lambert). And since most foods advertised on TV arenÕt conducive to a
healthy diet, TV commercials push us to eat more foods of the unhealthy
variety. Also, food companies, who do extension research, have been able to
determine what Òthe exact levels of sweetness and saltiness [are] that will
make every food as attractive as possibleÓ (Gortmaker in Lambert). So, the big
companies also know how to manipulate our palates in ways that, once again,
arenÕt in the best interests of our health. Therefore, to the extent that we
buy the products that are shoved into our eyes, ears, brains, and (literally)
down our throats, we perpetuate the system. Thus, by consciously rebelling
against the messages with which we are deluged, we can support foods and
companies that are more likely to be healthy to us and to our neighbors.
Perhaps, if consumers were more aware and conscious of the level of
manipulation to which they are regularly exposed, they might unite and, by
virtue of their new purchasing habits, make healthy food eating the new epidemic
sweeping the nation.
Reason 6: Help move society towards sustainability. As the
wordÕs nations become more affluent and global population continues to increase
(albeit at much slower rates than just a few decades ago), it is not surprising
to find that demands for food, and in particular meat, expand as well. Yet,
while there is enough food being grown right now to feed everyone with a
healthy diet, if global diets become similar to ours in the U.S., as is
occurring in many places due to globalization, land and ocean pressures will
only become more severe. Currently, many ocean fisheries are seeing greatly decreased
production and our nationÕs midsection is witnessing dramatic aquifer
reductions and soil erosion. Standard responses to these trends include: (1)
the expansion of genetically-modified crops (GMOs); (2) the use of heavier
loads of pesticides and fertilizers; and, (3) the increase of irrigation withdrawals.
Unfortunately, none of these responses is sustainable (or, in the case of (1),
without significant, largely unexamined risks). Fortunately, there are
responses that are sustainable. These include: (1) minimizing excessive
consumption of foods; (2) reducing consumption of meat and fish (since they
provide many calories and nutrients that can be obtained much more efficiently
through other foods); (3) educating people how to eat more healthily (and
providing them the means to do so); (4) expanding use of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) techniques on farms; and, (5) exporting self-sustaining,
organic food production techniques to the poorest nations (rather than just
food during emergencies). And since each of these four proposals are encouraged
and promoted when we eat healthy foods, we have ever more reason to do so.
Reason 7: Serve
as role models for positive change. Since food consumption accounts for 10-20%
of our environmental impact (Worldwatch) and given the extravagant costs to our
society associated with poor diets (including heart disease, type II diabetes,
cancer, high blood pressure, etc.), isnÕt it about time that we reconceptualize
our relationship with our food? I strongly believe that through our diets we
promote particular causes. Our choice of the foods we consume is an inherently
political act. With every food we buy, we either support the fast-food industry
or the slow food (locally-grown, locally-cooked) community. With everything we
drink, we either support the soda pop industries (through canned or bottled
soda or water), the milk or juice industries, or local public water facilities.
With every food we eat, we either support intensive farming with its heaving
loads of pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, and genetically-modified organisms,
or we support organically-grown, naturally-derived, and sustainable farming
technologies. Thus, every time you buy food or eat food in the presence of
other people, you are sending a message about what you care about and what type
of world you want to live in. Help send a positive message and one that we can
all live with.
Something other than
the status quo is viable now and the movement towards better diets and healthy
foods needs leaders like you to take the plunge. What do you have to lose? Perhaps
high blood pressure, excess poundage, toxins in your blood, and gargantuan farms
owned by multinational firms who put profit over health nearly every time. Good
riddance, right? What do you have to gain? A world where peopleÕs health come
ahead of profits, where delicious, healthy foods that are grown locally (or, at
least, organically), and where children have every reason to think that they
have been provided for in the best way adults know how.
So what was that I
heard you say? Something about a New Years resolution? Wonderful.
Works Cited
Lambert, C. (2004) ÒThe Way We Eat Now.Ó Harvard
Magazine, May-June 2004, pp. 50-58+.Nestle,
M. (2002) Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health.
University of California Press. 457 pp.
Schlosser, E. (2001) Fast Food Nation. Perennial, 383 pp.
Willett, W. (2001) Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The
Harvard Medical School Guide to Eating.
Free Press, 348 pp.
Worldwatch Institute. State of the World 2004. W.W. Norton, 2004, 245 p.
Peter Schwartzman is associate professor and chair of
the Environmental Studies Program at Knox College. He is a climatologist with
publications in the area of climate change and human population growth. He is
also the founder and maintainer of the website: www.onespower.org. He can be reached by
email at: <pschwart@knox.edu>.